Abstract
China's development is praised by the whole world. Its developments are not only in the economic aspect, but also in foreign affairs. Compared with developed countries, China is a very young country. It set up in 1949, and its success is because it has developed some suitable public policies which were fit the situation of China.
In this essay, it focuses on discussing the question- "for developing countries, good results from growth strategies depend on implementation of policies that begin with questions appropriate to the country concerned".
Two cases in China are mainly discussed in this essay. They are Economic Reform and One Child Policy. During the discussion, it finds that both policies have some pros and cons, but they have positive impact on the development of China in the overall level. Besides that, there are also some related cases involved in the discussion, some of them are successful cases, and others not.
From these cases, it finally finds out that for developing countries, good results from growth strategies do depend on implementation of policies that begin with questions appropriate to the country concerned.
The information contained in this essay is mainly from Internet, and some of them are from Chinese websites.
Introduction
Implementation is the seventh step in the Australia Policy Cycle. It is after "decision" and before "evaluation". The implementation is very important in Policy Cycle, because the cycle does not conclude with a cabinet decision. Implementation must follow, in which the policy is given expression through legislation or a program, in pursuit of the goals agreed by ministers (Bridgman and Davis, 2004, p28). When cabinet has made its decision, the policy cycle moves to implementation. People are informed of the choice, policy instruments are created and put in place, staff instructed, services delivered, money spent, and bills prepared for parliament. The machine of government smoothly implements cabinet's with- in theory. However, the story of implementation does not always run so well. The gap between intention and outcome may be large (Bridgman and Davis, 2004, p119).
In the following of this essay, the question "for developing countries, good results from growth strategies depend on implementation of policies that begin with questions appropriate to the country concerned" will be discussed. Two famous cases from China are discusses in this report. First, it will state the case Economic reform in China, and then the One Child Policy case will be discussed too. Also some cases from other countries will be involved during the discussion. After that, a conclusion will be given.
Economic reform in the People's Republic of China
- Overview of Economic reform in China
In the last few years, China has had a spectacular economic development and has come to play an increasingly important role in the world economy. For a long time, the Chinese economy was a centrally-planned economy in which all companies were owned by the state. In 1978 China started an economic reform. In the beginning, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, trade was opened to the outside world and the Contract Responsibilities System was implemented in agriculture. By the end of the 1980s China had almost solved its food shortage problems. Around 1990 six special economic zones were established, including the Shanghai Pudong zone, which was a pioneer attracting foreign capital.
The reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on the creation of a pricing system, which was achieved using a dual track pricing system (China.org, 2009), and on decreasing the role of the state in resource allocations. Increasingly competitive sectors, such as distribution, were opened to private enterprise and foreign capital. Overall, the Chinese economic reform has been a spectacular economic success which has generated rapid economic growth over three decades and the country has moved from a centrally planned economy towards a market economy, especially since China became a member of the WTO. The reform has brought about an increase of industrialisation, a higher population concentration in urban areas, and has solved the shortage problems.
Before the reform, all companies were state owned. In fact, there were no entrepreneurs. After 30 years of growth, company ownership has experimented unprecedented changes. On the whole, non-state-owned companies can now be more involved in sectors that used to be monopolised by state-owned companies. Except for the sectors of electricity, telecommunications, oil and even the defence industry. Current Chinese entrepreneurs come from four types of companies: state-owned companies, former state-owned companies turned into stock companies, private companies, and foreign fund companies or joint-ventures. They are a new emergent class, which was difficult to forecast; but, as Deng Xiaoping said, "Be the cat white or be the cat black, it is the clever cat who will catch the mouse." From the current situation, it is clear that the Chinese government has achieved its economic objects.
- Steps in Economic Reform
In recent years China has achieved a spectacular success in its economic development, and little by little has been playing an important role in the world economy.
In the recent past, the Chinese economy was based on long-term centrally-planned system. From 1978 onwards, China began an economic reform, whose goal was to generate sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the Chinese economy. The first reform in the late 1970s and early 1980s consisted of opening trade to the outside world, instituting the contract responsibilities system in agriculture, by which farmers could sell their surplus crops and place them on the market. The Township-Village Enterprises were established. Township-village enterprises mean set up factories in the countryside, so the peasants could work at the factories as well as work on the land. In China at that time, most people were peasants, so this policy made a lot of people get jobs. Even today, people live in countryside still far more than people live in city[1]. And this type of factories still works well. So, the township-village enterprises contribute a lot to the development of China.
By the end of the 1980s China had almost solved its food shortage problems. At the same time, China established special economic zones, which included, as we all know, the Shanghai Pudong zone, which has become the dragonhead of the Chinese economy. The reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on creating a pricing system. This was finally achieved using a dual track pricing system and increasing the role of the state in resource allocations. The diversified enterprise ownership system emerged, followed by more and more areas of the monopoly being open to private business and foreign capital.
The reforms of the late 1990s focused on closing unprofitable enterprises and dealing with insolvency in the banking system. At the start of the twenty-first century there has been an increased focus on bridging the gap between the rich and the poor.
- Assessing the Reformat
It is believed that in general the Chinese economic reform has been an economic success which has generated rapid economic growth over three decades. In 2004 the GDP per capita was US$1,267. In 2009, this number reached US$ 6,567. Industrialization, open organization and internationalization was the tendency that helped move towards a market economy. In 2009 GDP increased to US$8.765 trillion, which makes China the third biggest economic body in the world, just followed US and European Union (IMF, 2010). Opening to the outside remains essential to China's development.
China continues to attract large investment inflows. By the end of 2004 China had become the biggest FDI developing country. In 2003 foreign fund and enterprises produced about 45% of China's exports. By comparison, China's imports and exports account for 5.3% and 5.8% of the world's, respectively. Foreign exchange, on the other hand, total about US$ 609.9 billion in 2004. This appeared in the IMF report of 2004. More than 20% of the world increase in trade was contributed by China. China emerged as the third biggest trade body, after the US and the European Union.
So, over the past three decades of reform, the Chinese economy has achieved world-shaking changes. The market, this invisible hand, became a basic way of allocating resources, while enterprises played a key role instead of economic activities. In the past, before the China's economic reform, only the government played an important role in activities. Now it is enterprises that do so. Since China's entry into WTO in 2001, the role of the Chinese central government derived from spontaneous economic forces and the conscious decision by reformers to replace direct central government involvement with indirect labour in the market, plus increased local decision-making.
Go back to the question mentioned in the introduction- for developing countries, good results from growth strategies depend on implementation of policies that begin with questions appropriate to the country concerned. From the Economic Reform in China case, it is clearly that the good results from Economic Reform highly depend on the Chinese government concerned about the situation and the government's goal at that time.
When the new Chinese Government set up in 1949, the new government faced a lot of problems. And re-build the country was the most important thing for the government. As Communist Party of China (CPC) is a socialist party, its policy was similar as Soviet Union in that time. Consequently, CPC uses centrally-planned strategy as its economic strategy when it was set up. But as time went on, the problems of centrally- planned were shown up, such as the low productivity. And the low productivity was the key reason for restricting the development of the country. As the population was growing up, the limitations of centrally-planned were more clearly. Under this situation, Deng Xiaoping put the forward the idea of economic reform in Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of CPC. As the nature of CPC, it could not directly abandoned centrally-planned and used market economic. Because the centrally-planned economic was the main feature of socialism. But the country needed development, people needed to work and income to support the family. The situation needed to be changed. And CPC made it step by step. First, the changes happened in the countryside, it let some people hold some factories or capital. Then CPC did the same thing in the cities. And meanwhile, the governance still holds the rights of key sectors, such as electricity. This strategy is fully considering the situation and characteristic of China. So, China is still a socialism county, meanwhile it can develop well.
On the other hand, some people argue that let individual hold capital is the key feature of capitalism, so the Economic Reform is kind of let China walk into capitalism. But in fact, the government still has a lot of rights in the economic market. When the market is inefficiency, the government will interference it. It is called macroeconomic control which is very powerful. For example, the Asian Financial Crisis happened in 1997, and most Asian countries loss a lot during the crisis, such as South Korea and Malaysia. But China survives in the crisis because of the macroeconomic control. Also some people argue that the governance should not interference too much in the market, let market decide what needs to be done and what happen in the market. But on the other hand, this phenomenon indicates China is a socialism country but not capitalism country. In China, there is another name of Economic Reform, it named socialist road with Chinese characteristics. Some people think the Chinese government plays on words. Despite these arguments, the Economic Reform in China is very successful. Just as the designer of Economic Reform Deng Xiaoping[2] said: "Be the cat white or be the cat black, it is the clever cat who will catch the mouse." Hence, no matter socialism or capitalism, which can solve the problem is the good ism.
- Afterwards
After the Economic Reform of China in 1978, another socialism country- Vietnam, started Economic Reform in 1986. Over the past 20 years, Vietnam has made a shift from a centrally planned economy to a Socialist-oriented market economy. Over that period, the economy has experienced rapid growth. Nowadays, Vietnam is in the period of integrating into world's economy, as a part of globalization and is in transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented mixed economy. Although, almost all Vietnamese enterprises are SMEs with some nationwide trademarks such as VNPT, Vinamilk, Trung Nguyên, Kinh Do and others, Vietnam has been rising as a leading agricultural exporter and an attractive foreign investment destination in East and Southeast Asia.
In 2009, the nominal GDP reached $92.439 billion, with nominal GDP per capita of $1,060. According to a forecast in December 2005 by Goldman-Sachs, Vietnamese economy will become the 17th largest economy in the world with nominal GDP of $ 436 billion and nominal GDP per capita of 4,357 USD by 2025 (IMF, 2010). According to the forecast by the PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008), Vietnam may be fastest growing of emerging economies by 2025 with a potential growth rate of almost 10% per annum in real dollar terms that could push it up to around 70% of the size of the UK economy by 2050.
And now in the world market, more and more products print Made in Vietnam now. Vietnam sometimes also treated as a competitor of China, because Vietnam also has the low labour cost, sometimes even lower than China.
From the Economic Reform in these developing countries, it can indicate that the growth strategies are really successful, because the strategies are made based on the situation in these two countries.
- Some recently issues
Structural adjustments are needed and there are many issues to solve. Among others:
1) The economic growth model, from an extensive economy to an intensive one; from large investment and high consumption of resources to a high technology model, high added value and low consumption of resources.
The foreign companies direct invest in China contributes some GDP of China. For example, SONY operates some factories in China, and these factories manufacture a lot of products every year, and make some profit which count in China GDP. But who is the really beneficiary for operating the factories in China. China? Maybe not. SONY opens factories in China does help China to solve the employment problem in some level. But the eventual beneficiary is SONY or Japan. SONY can reduce cost through producing the products in China. And it gets the net profit of its products, just leave the Tax and GDP number for China. And China cannot get the technologic because SONY still holds that. From the pure economic point of view, SONY can get more benefits than China. So, China needs pay more attention to develop the high-tech products by itself.
2) The distribution of mineral resources and the energy shortage.
China's high growth rate sometime relies on the sales of the natural resources. In the short run, it can bring some benefits. But in the long run, the resource will be dried up, and China needs to pay more money for these resources from other countries. For example, the Nauruan economy peaked in the early 1980s. Nauru's economy depends almost entirely on the phosphate deposits that originate from the droppings of sea birds. But as the resources gone, the countries' economic was decreased.
3) The environmental issues, such as the pollution of rivers.
In some local governments of China, the leaders would like starting some projects can get huge economic benefits. But they ignore the environment aspects. A famous case is from Xiamen in 2007. In 2007, on March 22's Xiao Xiang Morning Post, Lian Yue, an active blogger and a freelance writer, published a column on a dangerous chemical project in South-Eastern China's Xiamen City, Fujian Province.
In the article, Lian Yue said the one million people in Xiamen, if they are keeping an eye on the local media, should be very familiar with the city's P-Xylene (a harmful chemical) project, which allegedly is going to yield an annual output worth 80 billion RMB after completion. The project was put in the Fujian governor's government report. On the official website of the Xiamen government, there is also an article about it dated on 14th January, 2007. The article, named "Reporting to the Secretary General", said that on 17th November, 2006, the biggest industry project in Xiamen's history, the 800 thousand-ton PX project, kicked off. The report said that this means a world-level petrochemical giant (Xiamen) is emerging. At the just-concluded two conferences, Zhao Yufen, a member of the CPPCC (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference), led a proposal on terminating Xiamen's PX project, because it poses a major hidden danger to public safety. The proposal was co-signed by 105 CPPCC members, and was named the top proposal at that year's CPPCC meeting.
China Business, a weekly newspaper, reported on 19th March that PX is a dangerous chemical and carcinogen. Its production should be placed 100 kilometres away from cities to ensure safety. But in Xiamen, the centre of the PX project is only seven kilometres away from downtown and from the national scenic area Guliangyu. Haichang district, which is within a five-kilometre radius of the project, has a population of 100,000. The project's port is located in Xiamen National Nature Reserve of Rare Marine Species. But the top proposal never appears in Xiamen's media. To Xiamen's citizens, the proposal is non-existent. Lian Yue said at the end of the article that in the eyes of government officials, "there is only the short-term GDP income. Public safety and long-term benefit can both be sacrificed. It's not hard to imagine that within the whole country, there are many dangerous projects being launched without a whisper of opposition. We all live in a public space without public safety." The next day, Lian, who lives in Xiamen, published another column story on Southern Metropolitan News. In the column, "The Environmental Officials Who Can't Protect the Environment," Lian quoted China Business and said that Zhu Xingxiang, Chief of the Environmental Evaluation Section of the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), expressed his inability to stop the project. "A fundamental problem is the project is approved by the State Development and Reform Commission. SEPA has no say on the relocation of the project," reported China Business. (Lian, 2007) On June 1st and 2nd 2007, there were parades on Xiamen city, the people live in Xiamen wanted to the local government stops the PX project. And these parades have some effectives. First, local government relocated the PX project. Second, the local government block the passage of message.
A little summary about this Chinese story, the local government wanted the GDP, and ignored the Central Government's decision. Then it tried to lie to the citizen. But, truth will come to light sooner or later, people finally realised the truth and fight for their rights. Government should pursue the Green- GDP, but not the Toxic- GDP.
Xiamen case maybe the most famous case in the Environment vs. Economic topic in China. There may thousand small similar cases in China. And sometimes, the project is not only harm for the environment, but also harm for people. In some poor areas in China, exploiting mines may the main income source for some peasants. But during the exploiting, because of lacking of protecting, some workers get pneumoconiosis. And these workers are poor, they cannot afford the medical expense. These things are the nightmare for these people and their families.
4) Differences between the rich and the poor.
There is a common comment in China now- the rich people get richer, and the poor people get poorer. The rich people can use their capital to reinvestment, and earn more profit. But the poor people cannot do that. The huge gap between rich and the poor people maybe the main shortcomings of capitalism economic. But some capitalism countries use some leverage to solve this problem. For example, Australian Government uses tax to balance the gap between rich and poor. When people earn more money, they must pay more tax. The highest tax rate for individual people is 45%, if plus medicare levy it can reach 46.5%. That's quiet high tax level. A joke talk about the huge gap between rich and poor- China spent 30 years creates the gap between rich and poor larger than that capitalism spent more than 100 years. That's quite an irony. But it can reflect the true situation in China.
To sum up, although there are some problems shown up during the process of Economic Reform, but strategy is successful in the overall level. And its success is because when the decision maker made this policy, he considered the situation of the country.
One Child Policy
- Definition
The one-child policy is the population control policy of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Chinese government refers to it under the official translation of family planning policy. It officially restricts the number of children married urban couples can have to one, although it allows exemptions for several cases, including rural couples, ethnic minorities, and parents without any siblings themselves (BBC, 2000). The policy does not apply to the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, or Tibet.
- Criticisms
Unlike Economic Reform, when the One Child Policy became a policy of China, it received a lot of criticisms. The following are the main criticisms.
Human rights
As UN foundation (2001), China's "one-child" policy continues to result in human rights violations two decades after becoming law.
The policy, which restricts the number of children per couple, is being enforced in unjust ways, according to many human rights groups. Pressure on family planning workers to meet the birth quota in their jurisdictions has led to widespread excesses, including beatings, illegal imprisonment, confiscation of livestock and destruction of homes.
Many of these family planning workers are never punished for abusing their power, critics say. "They can do anything to people without recourse. In some areas, courts can't take cases on family planning,"
The "four-two-one" problem
As the first generation of law-enforced only children came of age for becoming parents themselves, one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents. Called the "4-2-1 Problem", this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support. If personal savings, pensions, or state welfare fail, most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance. If, for any reason, the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives, the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities. In response to such an issue, certain provinces maintained that couples were allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves. As of 2009, all provinces in the nation adopted this new adaptation (Germain, 2009).
Possible social problems for a generation of only children
Some parents may over-indulge their only child. The media referred to the indulged children in one-child families as "little emperors". Since the 1990s, some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills among the new generation, as they have no siblings at home. However, no social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged. With the first generation of children born under the policy (which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into 1980s) reaching adulthood, such worries are reduced (Deane, 1992).
- The benefits of One Child Policy
Despite these criticisms, the One Child Policy is success in the overall level. Because the situation in China is different to the other county, some criticisms on China are unfair for China. For example, if US has more than 1 billion people, the government of US has to find a way to solve the population pressure.
In fact the One Child policy did bring some benefits for China. For example:
Increased savings rate
The individual savings rate has increased since the one-child policy was introduced. This has been partially attributed to the policy in two respects. First, the average Chinese household expends fewer resources, both in terms of time and money, on children, which gives many Chinese more money with which to invest. Second, since young Chinese can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age, there is an impetus to save money for the future (Naughton, 2007).
Economic growth
The original intent of the one-child policy was economic, to reduce the demand of natural resources, maintaining a steady labour rate, reducing unemployment caused from surplus labour, and reducing the rate of exploitation. The CPC's justification for this policy was based on their support of Mao Zedong's and the Marxist theory of population growth, an idea which Marx took from Thomas Malthus (Tain, 1983).
- Three changes in One Child Policy
1.1950s
Maybe this is not the first "Change" in the One Child Policy, but it was the first time that the theory of One Child Policy was came out in 1957 by Ma Yinchu.
In June 1957, at the fourth session of the First National People's Congress, Ma presented his New Population Theory. Having examined trends of the early 1950s, he concluded that further population growth at such high rates would be detrimental to China's development. Therefore, he advocated government control of fertility. During the following three years, Ma's theory suffered two rounds of attacks, and he was dismissed from public life. The charges of the government were that the theory followed Malthusianism, attempted to discredit the superiority of socialism, and showed contempt for the people.
Consider the situation of China in that time, the government of China did not excuse the One Child Policy may be good for the country. The new Chinese government was set up in 1949, and after World War II and the Civil War. The population of the China was decreased sharply, especially the male people, because the main injuries and deaths were male. When the new government was set up, its main objective was re-building the country which needs a lot of labour. At that time, the technology was backward, so the main projects still needed people to do. If the Chinese government started One Child Policy at that time, it would harm for the development of the country. Hence, the government did not choose excuse One Child Policy at that time was smart because of the situation of China at that time.
2.1970s
China's One Child Policy introduced in 1978 was the country's official population control policy. After more than thirty years since the One-Child Policy was introduced, people born in the early 1980s are now entering parenthood. In general, the policy serves the original purpose of reducing the population growth rate in China. And during its development, many laws or rules are developed about the One Child Policy, such as "China Family Planning" and "Marriage Law". They both states in the most regions of China, couple can only have one Child except they meet some conditions. Not only in the laws or rules, in the "Constitution of the People's Republic of China", it also states this policy. Since 1978, the One Child Policy was the one of the basic national policy of China. And this basic national policy changed in the recent year.
The Chinese government officially introduced One Child Policy in 1978 was because the situation of China at that time. The size of population needed to be control, and the economic needed to be developed. And the One Child Policy can help Chinese government to achieve these goals. So, One Child Policy was necessary in that time.
3. 2009
According to Fitzpatrick (2009), couples in Shanghai — the country's most populous city — would be encouraged to have two kids if the parents are themselves only children. Shanghai officials have since denied any policy shift, saying this caveat is nothing new, but the contradictory reports are another manifestation of ongoing rumors that Beijing is rethinking the controversial one-child policy that has for the past three decades helped spur economic growth — but exacted a heavy social cost along the way.
Now that millions of sibling-less people in China are now young adults in or nearing their child-bearing years, a special provision allows millions of couples to have two children legally. If a couple is composed of two people without siblings, then they may have two children of their own, thus preventing too dramatic of a population decrease (Rosenberg, 2009).
This is the newest edition of One Child Policy, it is clear that the Chinese government made some changes according to the newest situation of China.
From the three times changes about One Child Policy in China, it can improve the question in the introduction- for developing countries, good results from growth strategies depend on implementation of policies that begin with questions appropriate to the country concerned. It can be imaged that if the Chinese government started One Child Policy in 1957, or not started it in 1979, the situation in China would be totally different.
- Deng Xiaoping
Both Economic Reform and One Child Policy have positive impact on the development of China. Compared the two cases in China, there is one common point of these two policies, the implementation of these two policies are because of the same people- Deng Xiaoping. Besides these two policies, there is also another famous policy made by Deng Xiaoping, that is One Country Two Systems. In short, Deng contributed a lot to the development of China, both economic and politics. The Chinese people should thanks Deng for bring the better life for them. Not only Chinese should thank him, but also the whole world people. Now, Made In China labels are around the world, and Chinese people are around the world. For example, the value of Australia Education Industry is AU$ 17 to AU$18 billion. Among these huge funds, there are at least 20% made by Chinese students. If no Deng, there will not so many families can afford the high tuition fee to study overseas. Personally, Deng is my favourite politician in China. Mao Zedong set up the new country, but Deng is the one who makes the country develop in a right way[3].
Conclusion
From the two cases mentioned above- Economic Reform and One Child Policy in China as well as other cases in China or other countries, it can be concluded that for developing countries, good results from growth strategies depend on implementation of policies that begin with questions appropriate to the country concerned. The two successful cases both because the decision maker considers the situations of the country at that time. During the implementation of the policies, there were some problems came out together, and the policy received some criticisms. But in the overall level, the two policies have great positive impact on the development of China. And on the other hand, the Chinese does need to consider the problems caused by the implementation of the policies. If the government can solve these problems, China will have more beautiful future.
BBC (2000) China steps up 'one child' policy http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/941511.stm
Bridgman, P. and Davis, G., (2004) Australian policy handbook, 3rd edn, Allen & Unwin, Sydney
China.org.cn (2009) 1981: Dual-track Price System, http://www.china.org.cn/features/60years/2009-09/16/content_18534471.htm
Deane, D (1992). The Little Emperors. Los Angeles Times. pp. 16
Fitzpatrick, L (2009) A Brief History of China's One-Child Policy http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912861,00.html
Germain, A (2009) Rethinking China's one-child policy http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/10/28/f-rfa-germain.html
IMF (2010) China http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/
Lian,Y. (2007), The Biggest Chemical Project Puts Xiamen in Danger http://www.xwhb.com/gb/13/2007-6/1/076109100443986_268.html
Naughton, B (2007) The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
PWC (2008) China to overtake US by 2025, but Vietnam may be fastest growing of emerging economies http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/press-room/2008/china-asia-economic-markets-growth-emerging-markets.jhtml
Rosenberg, M (2010) China's One Child Policy http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/onechild.htm
Tain Z (1983) Studying Marxist theory on population and initiating a new situation in demographic research. Renkou Yanjiu (2): 13–4
UN (2001) One-Child Policy Results In Human Rights Abuses -- Report http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20010103/12363_story.asp
Chinese Websites
http://www.stnn.cc/finance/econ_trend/t20051024_25250.html
http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2
http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE
http://baike.baidu.com/view/32644.htm?fr=ala0_1
http://baike.baidu.com/view/48598.htm
http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/21/content_25059.htm
http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/ggkf30zn/
[1] The definition of city is different in China and Australia. In Australia, city may mean Melbourne city or Sydney city, and the places such Sunshine and Clayton are called suburb. But in China, the places like Sunshine which is 20 or 30km from the centre of City can be also called city.
[2] Deng Xiaoping is also called father of Economic Reform
[3] Great proletarian cultural revolution which made by Mao had a lot of negative effect on China development.
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